Overcoming a tough childhood in More commonly known as Catherine the Great, she would stay on the throne for the next President Dwight D.
In the following years, Cuba became a dangerous focus in the Cold War competition between the United States and Russia. In January , Cuban revolutionary Fidel It was the spring of his first full year in New York City, The scientists used mitochondria DNA fingerprinting to identify the bones, which had been excavated Eisenhower appoints Florence Blanchfield to be a lieutenant colonel in the U.
Army, making her the first woman in U. A member of the Army Nurse Corps since Sign up now to learn about This Day in History straight from your inbox. The winner On the previous day, nearby Fire Base Alpha On July 9, , after only 16 months in office, President Zachary Taylor dies after a brief illness. The exact cause of his death is still disputed by some historians. On a scorching Fourth of July in Washington, D.
William Faulkner joins the Royal Air Force on this day, but will never see combat because World War I will end before he completes his training. The ranchers, or Californios, would trade mainly with East Coast vessels that brought in finished goods. In , an Englishman named William Richardson decided to establish himself as a middleman between the Californios and the East Coast merchants.
Using two small vessels that belonged to the Mission Dolores, Richardson served as the liaison between the Bay Area ranchers and the ships that anchored in the Bay. He began his operation at a cove located on the eastern tip of the peninsula and only a few miles from Mission Dolores. This location, called Yerba Buena Cove, was convenient because it was close to both the Mission and the East Coast vessels, which often anchored at the cove for shelter and proximity to the bay entrance.
Starting in , other entrepreneurs began to settle at Yerba Buena. By , there were about a dozen houses. Initial growth at Yerba Buena, the site of the future city of San Francisco, was thus based primarily on commerce.
The town arose by serving as the point of exchange for the trading of goods between the Spanish-Mexican ranchers and the East Coast vessels. Another very important factor that strengthened the town of Yerba Buena was the war between the United States and Mexico between and Although the Bay Area did not witness any battles or military activities beyond the peaceful landing of troops and the hoisting of a US flag at Yerba Buena on July 9, , the American conquest was a critical factor in locking urbanization at Yerba Buena Cove.
Indeed, because Yerba Buena was the Bay Area's largest town, first the US invasion itself occurred at that site and secondly the US army established most of its operations there including the troops quarters, the quartermaster's store and the customhouse. This governmental patronage gave Yerba Buena a marked advantage over other settlements and boosted the town's economic prospects.
The third element that anchored development at Yerba Buena was the arrival of a ship on July 31, , carrying about two hundred Mormons. Ironically, these Mormons were fleeing religious intolerance in the US but by the time they had finished their long trip around South America, California had become a US territory.
In any event, the arrival of these Mormons, most of whom never left for Salt Lake, doubled the population of Yerba Buena. With the prospect for commerce, the arrival of Mormons as well as deserting sailors, and the governmental patronage resulting from the Mexican-American War, Yerba Buena quickly outgrew other Bay Area villages. Yet despite being the bay's main settlement, Yerba Buena did not go unrivaled by other settlements.
Well before the discovery of gold, a village at the mouth of the Sacramento river, later known as Benicia, was being promoted by a number of strong local capitalists. The latter tried to make this village the capital of the bay by, among other things, naming it Francisca to create an association with the well-known Bay of San Francisco. During the year , six vessels entered the bay to engage in trade. The population was approximately inhabitants. By , San Francisco's population was between and 1, people depending on the estimates.
Ironically, most of the factors that gave rise to San Francisco lost much of their importance after The Mexican-American hide and tallow trade paled in comparison to the commercial boom induced by the gold industry; the war with Mexico ended in and some of the governmental patronage actually shifted to Benicia; and after the Mormons represented only a fraction of the population due to the massive influx of peoples from all over the world.
Furthermore, to add to these transient factors, the clipper ship, which created the need for a city by the bay had only been invented shortly before the Gold Rush. That was the name given to the tiny bayside settlement back in , a name taken from the wild mint growing on the sand dunes that surrounded it. And if it hadn't been for the lucky first name of an elegant Spanish noblewoman, that's what the city of San Francisco would still be called today.
Our magnificent bay had already worn the name of San Francisco since -- but though some in Yerba Buena apparently used it as a nickname, it never occurred to its motley population to make "San Francisco" official. In July of Yerba Buena was just 11 years old, a sleepy hamlet in Mexican territory with just about residents. The place woke up some when Captain John B. Montgomery sailed into the harbour, marched into the center of town and raised the Stars and Stripes.
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