The convictions were overturned in January , but a retrial reinstated the same sentences. An appeals court upheld the sentences a year later, but Alaa and Gamal were freed because of time already served. In November , Mr Mubarak was finally acquitted in a retrial of conspiring to kill protesters during the uprising. At the same time, he was also acquitted of corruption charges involving gas exports to Israel. In March Egypt's top appeals court upheld Mr Mubarak's acquittal and he went free, for the first time in six years.
Born in in a small village in Menofya province near Cairo, Muhammad Hosni Sayyid Mubarak insisted on keeping his private life out of the public domain while president. Married to a half-British graduate of the American University in Cairo, Suzanne Mubarak, he was known to lead a strict life with a fixed daily schedule that began at Never a smoker or a drinker, he built himself a reputation as a fit man who led a healthy life.
In his younger days, close associates often complained of the president's schedule, which began with a workout in the gym or a game of squash.
He was sworn in as president on 14 October , eight days after the Sadat assassination. Despite having little popular appeal or international profile at the time, the burly military man used his sponsorship of the issue behind Sadat's killing - peace with Israel - to build up his reputation as an international statesman.
In effect, Mr Mubarak ruled as a quasi-military leader when he took power. For his entire period in office, he kept the country under emergency law, giving the state sweeping powers of arrest and curbing basic freedoms. The government argued the draconian regime was necessary to combat Islamist terrorism, which came in waves during the decades of Mr Mubarak's rule - often targeting Egypt's lucrative tourism sector.
He presided over a period of domestic stability and economic development that meant most of his fellow countrymen accepted his monopolisation of power.
But on September 20, , demonstrators once again took to the streets of Egypt to protest a president they view as another corrupt figure. To this day, nine years after Mubarak stepped down, the politics of Egypt remain corrupt, and the public remains unhappy with the person at the top.
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Cookie banner We use cookies and other tracking technologies to improve your browsing experience on our site, show personalized content and targeted ads, analyze site traffic, and understand where our audiences come from. By choosing I Accept , you consent to our use of cookies and other tracking technologies. Reddit Pocket Flipboard Email. He died on Tuesday at the age of Next Up In World. Mubarak's government subsidises goods such as bread, cooking oil and gasoline.
When bread riots turn violent in , he fires up military ovens to help quell discontent. Mubarak engineers constitutional amendments that, according to critics, guarantee ruling-party victories in elections.
One bans religious political parties, blocking the Muslim Brotherhood from officially participating in political life. In , Mubarak allows the first ever multi-candidate presidential election, which he wins easily over 10 other candidates amid charges of voter fraud and intimidation. The parliamentary elections are widely deplored as rigged, and the Brotherhood responds by withdrawing its candidates, who ran as independents, from a second round of voting.
March - Street protests by the Kefaya Enough Movement draw hundreds across Egypt to oppose a fifth term for Mubarak or any attempt to install his son Gamal in his place. Days before, police say they detained about members and supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood.
May 11, - Parliament votes to change the constitution to allow contested presidential elections, dismissing opposition complaints that strict rules would prevent genuine competition. A referendum later in May overwhelmingly confirms the constitutional change. September 27, - Mubarak is sworn in for a fifth consecutive term after winning the first contested presidential election on September 7.
Rival Ayman Nour is the only member of parliament to remain seated during the ceremony, apparently to show his refusal to accept the official vote count. Eight people were killed on the last day of voting on December 7.
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