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How Propaganda Works. Famous Examples of Propaganda. Non-Government Uses of Propaganda. Propaganda and Fake News. He is an award-winning journalist and experienced public relations professional. Learn about our editorial policies. In December , about 12 million women were employed; by early , this number was over 16 million-an increase of 36 percent. In manufacturing alone, a reported 6 million women labored to make weapons for the fighting men Pidgeon , 2.
The problem for the government seemed not to be employing women in these defense plans, but in convincing women to do the other 82 percent of the work that was unglamorous but had to be done.
The two agencies wanted to communicate to women that "any kind of service in the labor force is a distinct contribution to winning the war" "More Women Must Go to Work," Problems of Working Women As women entered the labor force in increasing numbers during the war, many problems arose.
Childcare, housework, and transportation were all left up to the working woman. This resulted in many women quitting their jobs to take care of these domestic responsibilities "Women Lagging in War Effort," The largest and most urgent of these problems was childcare. Until this time, middle class women were expected to care for their own children. There were no profit-making childcare centers as there are today.
Some factories made their own provisions for workers' children, setting up in-plant care Weatherford , Housework was an all-day task. Still, women were expected to handle it by themselves: '"It was an era of cooking from scratch and washing dishes by hand. It was before clothes dryers and permanent press. The work of running a home required a far greater commitment of time [than today]" Weatherford , If a woman had a job on the night shift in a factory, she would work all day doing household tasks, then all night as well.
With new tires virtually unavailable due to lack of rubber and gas rationing, transportation also reached a new urgency. Many women lived in semirural areas and needed to drive to work. These women often carpooled and drove their neighbors to the factory as well. One woman wrote, "You seldom see an empty back seat" Weatherford , Many of these problems had never been an issue before the war.
As a result of the mobilization of women, the government woke up to the realities of childcare and women's difficulties in the home. These women communicated their need to share household tasks with their families and this, in turn, illustrated the need for change in stereotyped gender roles.
Volunteer Efforts Even those women who stayed home played a major role in government campaigns. The OEI and WMC needed to communicate the importance of these women to the war effort, for it was this group that was primarily responsible for complying with rations and doing volunteer work: "In every city and village of the nation women are sewing for the Red Cross, participating in the civilian defense activities, organizing recreational services for members of the armed forces" Kingsley , This organization was responsible for taking women out of the cities and onto the farms.
At first, many farmers were reluctant to comply with the WLA. They didn't believe city girls, ignorant of the ways farms function, would make a significant difference in food production.
But women were the last available resource. Merriam — Webster Dictionary. Nazi War Propaganda. Oxford University Press, Michael Balfour. Propaganda in War. Robert Edwin Herztein. The War That Hitler Won. Logman Canada Limited. Paul Fussel.
Allan M. The Politics of Propaganda. Yale University Press. Clayton D. The Propaganda Warriors. Nicholas John Cull. Selling War. Oxford University Press. Anthony Rhodes. Propaganda, The Art Of Persuasion. Chelsea House Publishers. Typecasting Allan M. Propaganda, of course, is not always successful. Its effectiveness depends upon a variety of factors, including the receptivity of an audience to the message and a favorable social context.
Propaganda alone, regardless of the skills of its users, cannot win wars or transform thinking human beings into mindless automatons. Regardless of the power of their messages, for instance, the Nazis could not turn back the tide of Allied victory after the middle of Nazi propaganda delayed defeat but it could not bring Germany victory.
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